ARTICULO (ARTICLE): Lo que determina genero y numero del sustantivo.
ARTICULO DETERMINADO “EL, LA , LOS, LAS” (DIFINITE ARTICLE ): “THE”.
EXAMPLES:
1.THE DOCTOR
2.THE ENGINEER
3.THE TABLES
4.THE STUDENTS.
The definite article
Usage
El artículo determinado (the) precede a un sustantivo singular o plural. A diferencia del artículo indeterminado, se usa para destacar o especificar una cosa dentro de su categoría. En otras palabras, se usa cuando queda claro a qué nos referimos.
Structure
La forma the es invariable.
Examples
Singular Masc. Singular Fem.
the balloon the idea
el globo la idea
Plural Masc. Plural Fem.
the birds the fountains
los pájaros las fuentes
¡Cuidado con los conceptos genéricos!
Al ser individualizador, el artículo determinado no puede usarse delante de un concepto genérico (a diferencia de la práctica común, sobre todo, en los idiomas latinos).
Examples
Love is wonderful.
El amor es maravilloso.
No se puede decir:
The love is wonderful.
Patience is a virtue.
La paciencia es una virtud.
Swimming is the healthiest sport.
La natación es el deporte más sano.
No se puede decir:
The swimming is the healthiest sport.
El artículo determinado marca diferencias
En muchos casos, la presencia u omisión del artículo determinado marca una diferencia de significado. Generalmente, su presencia indica especifidad, y su omisión, generalidad.
Examples
I ate seafood.
I ate the seafood.
En el primer caso, se trata de una acción que se realiza en general durante una época o en un tiempo impreciso («Comía marisco»).
En el segundo caso, se refiere a la acción de comer marisco únicamente en un momento determinado («Comí el marisco»). Además, se trata de un lote de marisco en concreto (y no del marisco en general).
En resumen, el artículo determinado (the) no sirve para generalizaciones.
Examples
She speaks Greek. (Habla griego.)
He loves coffee. (Le encanta el café.)
"Tomado de la enciclopedia OCEANO"
ARTICULO INDETERMINADO “UN, UNA” (INDIFINITE ARTICLE ): “A / AN”.
EXAMPLES:
1.A CAMERA
2.A PERSON
3.AN ENGINEER
AN ORANGE.
The indefinite article
Usage
El artículo indeterminado (a o an) precede a un sustantivo singular, sea individual o colectivo.
Structure
1) El artículo indeterminado a precede a un sustantivo singular que empieza con sonido consonántico:
Examples
a building (un edificio)
a harbour (un puerto)
a thought (un pensamiento)
a community (una comunidad)
a pain (un dolor)
a light (una luz)
a tray (una bandeja)
Structure
En inglés, el artículo no varía en función del género:
Examples
Masculine Feminine
a man a woman
un hombre una mujer
a son a daughter
un hijo una hija
a prince a princess
un príncipe una princesa
a duke a duchess
un duque una duchess
a husband a wife
un marido una esposa
Vocales con pronunciación consonántica
La forma a también se emplea, en casos excepcionales, delante de una palabra cuya vocal inicial se pronuncia con sonido consonántico:
Examples
a university (una universidad)
a euphemism (un eufemismo)
a European (un europeo / una europea)
a uniform (un uniforme)
(en estos tres casos, la primera letra del sustantivo (u y e) se pronuncia igual que el sonido castellano «yu».)
Structure
2) El artículo indeterminado an se usa delante de sustantivos que empiezan con un sonido vocálico. En la inmensa mayoría de los casos, este sonido inicial corresponde a una vocal.
Examples
an orange (una naranja)
an island (una isla)
an ice-cream (un helado)
an orchestra (una orquesta)
an effort (un esfuerzo)
an ape (un simio)
Consonantes mudas
El artículo an se usa también, aunque en pocos casos, cuando la consonante inicial es muda y la primera letra pronunciada resulta ser, por tanto, una vocal.
Examples
an hour (una hora)
an honour (un honor)
(en estos casos, la h es muda)
"Tomado de la enciclopedia OCEANO"
· PREPOSICIÓN
(PREPOSITION): palabras que sirven de enlace.
In English, some prepositions are short, typically containing six letters or fewer. There are, however, a significant number of multi-word prepositions. Throughout the history of the English language, new prepositions have come into use, old ones fallen out of use, and the meaning of existing prepositions has changed. The prepositions generally remain a closed class.
EXAMPLES:
1.ON ___________________
2.IN ___________________
3.AT ___________________
4.SINCE ___________________
5.FOR ___________________
6.AGO ___________________
7.BEFORE ___________________
8.TO ___________________
9.BY ___________________
10. INTO ___________________
11. ONTO ___________________
12. OF ___________________
13. FROM ___________________
14. BELOW ___________________
15. OVER ___________________
16. ABOVE ___________________
17. ACROSS ___________________
18. THROUGH ___________________
PREPOSITIONS.
English | Usage | Example |
on | days of the week | on Monday |
in | months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) | in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour |
at | for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?) | at night at the weekend at half past nine |
since | from a certain point of time (past till now) | since 1980 |
for | over a certain period of time (past till now) | for 2 years |
ago | a certain time in the past | 2 years ago |
before | earlier than a certain point of time | before 2004 |
to | telling the time | ten to six (5:50) |
past | telling the time | ten past six (6:10) |
to / till / until | marking the beginning and end of a period of time | from Monday to/till Friday |
till / until | in the sense of how long something is going to last | He is on holiday until Friday. |
by | in the sense of at the latest up to a certain time | I will be back by 6 o’clock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages. |
Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)
English | Usage | Example |
in | room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world | in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world |
at | meaning next to, by an object for table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work) | at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work |
on | attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio | the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio |
by, next to, beside | left or right of somebody or something | Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. |
under | on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else | the bag is under the table |
below | lower than something else but above ground | the fish are below the surface |
over | covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle | put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall |
above | higher than something else, but not directly over it | a path above the lake |
across | getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side | walk across the bridge swim across the lake |
through | something with limits on top, bottom and the sides | drive through the tunnel |
to | movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed | go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed |
into | enter a room / a building | go into the kitchen / the house |
towards | movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) | go 5 steps towards the house |
onto | movement to the top of something | jump onto the table |
from | in the sense of where from | a flower from the garden |
Other important Prepositions
English | Usage | Example |
from | who gave it | a present from Jane |
of | who/what does it belong to what does it show | a page of the book the picture of a palace |
by | who made it | a book by Mark Twain |
on | walking or riding on horseback entering a public transport vehicle | on foot, on horseback get on the bus |
in | entering a car / Taxi | get in the car |
off | leaving a public transport vehicle | get off the train |
out of | leaving a car / Taxi | get out of the taxi |
by | rise or fall of something travelling (other than walking or horseriding) | prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus |
at | for age | she learned Russian at 45 |
about | for topics, meaning what about | we were talking about you |
Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words.
Let's analyze the following sentences:
1. Bob and Dan are friends.
In this sentence, the conjunction and connects two nouns.
2. He will drive or fly.
In this sentence, the conjunction or connects two verbs.
3. It is early but we can go
In this sentence, the conjunction but connects two groups of words.
Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of a sentence. The most common ones are and, or, but, and so which are used in the following ways:
And is used to join or add words together in the sentence: 1. They ate and drank.
or is used to show choice or possibilities as in the sentence: 2. He will be here on Monday or Tuesday.
but is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas as in the sentence: 3. She is small but strong.
so is used to show result as in the sentence: 4. I was tired so I went to sleep.
Subordinating conjunctions connect two parts of a sentence that are not equal and will be discussed more in another class. For now, you should know some of the more common subordinating conjunctions such as:
after before unless
although if until
as since when
because than while
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. In the sentence Both Jan and Meg are good swimmers, both . . .and are correlative conjunctions. The most common correlative conjunctions are:
both . . .and 1. Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant
either . . . or 2. Bring either a Jelly salad or a potato scallop.
neither . . . nor 3. Nether Robert not Marianne like the onion soup.
not only . . . but also 4. The explosion destroyed not only the school but also the neighboring pub.
whether …or 5. Corinne is trying to decide whether to go to medical school or to go to law school.
ADITION CONJUNCTIONS
CONECTOR | SIGNIFICADO |
And |
|
Too |
|
Also |
|
Moreover |
|
As well |
|
As well as |
|
In addition to |
|
Indeed |
|
Furthermore |
|
Besides |
|
CONTRAST CONJUNCTIONS
CONECTOR | SIGNIFICADO |
But |
|
However |
|
In spite of |
|
Despite |
|
Nevertheless |
|
Although |
|
Though |
|
Whereas |
|
Otherwise |
|
On the contrary |
|
CAUSE-EFFECT CONJUNCTIONS
CONECTOR | SIGNIFICADO |
So |
|
Thus |
|
Therefore |
|
Consequently |
|
In consequence |
|
As a consequence |
|
As a result |
|
For that reason |
|
Due to |
|
Owing to | |
PURPOSE CONJUNCTIONS
CONECTOR | SIGNIFICADO |
For |
|
Because |
|
Because of |
|
So that |
|
In order to |
|
To |
|
Since |
|
ILUSTRATIVE CONJUNTIONS
CONECTOR | SIGNIFICADO |
For example |
|
For instance |
|
To illustrate |
|
To be more precise |
|
In other words |
|
In particular |
|
In fact |
|
SEQUENCE CONJUNCTIONS
CONECTOR | SIGNIFICADO |
First |
|
Firstly |
|
First at all |
|
Second, Third, Fourth .. |
|
In short |
|
Briefly |
|
To summarize |
|
Finally |
|
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
CONECTOR | SIGNIFICADO |
both...and |
|
either...or |
|
neither...nor |
|
not only.....but also |
|
so...as |
|
whether...or |
|
