ELEMENTOS GRAMATICALES EN INGLÉS

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES. “Se utilizan generalmente como sujetos en la oración, sustituyen al nombre”.

·     I = Yo.

·     YOU = Tu o UD.

·     HE = El.

·     SHE = Ella.

·     IT =Este o Esta, (Se usa con animales, cosas, lugares u objetos).

·     WE= Nosotros (as).

·     YOU= Ustedes.

·     THEY= Ellos (as).

PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS. “Estos indican una posesión y se usan de acuerdo a la  persona que habla”.

·     MINE = Mío, Mía, Míos, Mías.

·     YOURS = Tuyo, Tuya, Tuyos, Tuyas.

·     HIS = Suyo, Suya, Suyos Suyas. (Se usa solo para el género masculino singular).

·     HERS =  Suyo, Suya, Suyos Suyas. (Se usa solo para el género femenino singular).

·     ITS = Suyo, Suya, Suyos Suyas. (Se usa solo para el animal, la casa, el lugar u objeto).

·     OURS = Nuestro, Nuestra, Nuestros, Nuestras.

·     YOURS = Suyo, Suya, Suyos Suyas.

·     THEIRS = Suyo, Suya, Suyos Suyas.

PRONOMBRES COMPLEMENTARIOS U OBJETIVOS. “Estos pronombres sirven de complemento al verbo que se usa”.

·     ME = A mi, Me.

·     YOU = A ti, Te.

·     HIM = A el, Le.

·     HER = A ella, Le.

·     IT = LE, LO (Se usa con animales, cosas, lugares u objetos).

·     US = A nosotros, Nos.

·     YOU = A ustedes, Les, Los.

·     THEM = A ellos, Les, Los, Las.

PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS. “Se usan cuando el sujeto y el objeto del verbo son la misma persona y para enfatizar que alguien hizo algo por si mismo”

·     MYSELF = Yo Mismo.

·     YOURSELF = Tu Mismo.                                                                                                            

·     HIMSELF = El Mismo.

·     HERSELF = Ella Misma.

·     ITSELF = Esto Mismo. (Se usa con animales, cosas, lugares u objetos).

·     OURSELVES = Nosotros Mismos.

·     YOURSELVES = Ustedes Mismos.

·     THEMSELVES = Ellos Mismos.

ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS. 

·     MY = MI, Mis.         

·     YOUR = Tu, Tus.

·     HIS = Su, Sus. (Se usa solo para el género masculino singular).

·     HER = Su, Sus. (Se usa solo para el  género femenino singular).

·     ITS = Su, Sus. (Se usa solo para animales, cosas, lugares u objetos).

·     OUR = Nuestro (a), Nuestros (as).

·     YOUR = Su, Sus.

·     THEIR = Su, Sus.

ADJETIVOS DEMOSTRATIVOS.

·     THIS = Este, Esta.

·     THAT = Ese, Esa, Eso.

·     THESE = Estos, Estas.

·     THOSE = Esas, Esos.

LISTA DE VERBOS REGULARES.

PRESENTE.	PASADO Y PARTICIPIO	SIGNIFICADO
ARRIVE	ARRIVED	LLEGAR.
AGREE	AGREED	ESTAR DE ACUERDO/ ACORDAR
BELIEVE	BELIEVED	CREER
CALL	CALLED	LLAMAR
CARE	CARED	CUIDAR
CLEAN	CLEANED	LIMPIAR
CLOSE	CLOSED	CERRAR
CRASH	CRASHED	CHOCAR / ESTRELLARSE
CHANGE	CHANGED	CAMBIAR
ENJOY	ENJOYED	DISFRUTAR
EXPECT	EXPECTED	ESPERAR
EXPLAIN	EXPLAINED	EXPLICAR
FAIL	FAILED	FRACASAR / FALLAR
FASTEN	FASTENED	ABROCHAR / ATAR
FILE	FILED	ARCHIVAR / CLASIFICAR
FILL	FILLED	LLENAR
FIRE	FIRED	DISPARAR / INCENDIAR / DESPEDIR
FOLLOW	FOLLOWED	SEGUIR
FRY	FRIED	FREIR
FINISH	FINISHED	TERMINAR
FISH	FISHED	PESCAR
HATE	HATED	ODIAR
HIRE	HIRED	CONTRATAR
HOPE	HOPED	ESPERAR
INVITE	INVITED	INVITAR
LIKE	LIKED	GUSTAR
LISTEN	LISTENED	ESCUCHAR
LIVE	LIVED	VIVIR
LOOK	LOOKED	MIRAR
NEED	NEEDED	NECESITAR
OPEN	OPENED	ABRIR
PLAY	PLAYED	JUGAR
PLAN	PLANNED	PLANEAR.
PRACTICE	PRACTICED	PRACTICAR
PREPARE	PREPARED	PREPARAR
REQUIRE	REQUIRED	NECESITAR / REQUERIR
RESERVE	RESERVED	RESERVAR / GUARDAR
REALICE	REALIZED	DARSE CUENTA / RECONOCER
RECEIVE	RECEIVE	RECIBIR
RESOLVE	RESOLVED	RESOLVER / SOLUCIONAR
RETURN	RETURNED	DEVOLVER / REGRESAR
SMOKE	SMOKED	FUMAR.
START	STARTED	EMPEZAR
STUDY	STUDIED	ESTUDIAR.
SUPPOSE	SUPPOSED	SUPONER
TRAVEL	TRAVELED/TRAVELLED	VIAJAR
TRY	TRIED	TRATAR / INTENTAR
VISIT	VISITED	VISITAR
WAIT	WAITED	ESPERAR
WALK	WALKED	CAMINAR
WANT	WANTED	QUERER
WATCH	WATCHED	OBSERVAR
WASH	WASHED	LAVAR
WISH	WISHED	DESEAR
WORK	WORKED	TRABAJAR

LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES.

Una buena forma de aprender los verbos en inglés es a través de su similitud en la escritura, vea los ejemplos:

 Grupo 1.

Present	Past.	Past participle.	Meaning
To begin.	Began.	Begun.	Comenzar.
To drink.	Drank.	Drunk.	Beber.
To sing.	Sang.	Sung.	Cantar.
To sink.	Sank.	Sunk.	Hundir (se).
To siwm.	Swam.	Swum.	Nadar.
To ring.	Rang.	Rung.	Repicar.
To run.	Ran.	Run.	Correr.

 


Grupo 2.

Present	Past.	Past participle.	Meaning
To speak	Spoke	Spoken	Hablar.
To steal	stole	Stolen	Hurtar.
To break	Broke	Broken	Quebrar.
To wake	Woke	Woken	Despertar.
To choose	Chose	Chosen	Escoger.
To freeze	Froze	Frozen	Congelar.

Grupo 3.

Present	Past.	Past participle.	Meaning
To write	Wrote	Written	Escribir.
To drive	Drove	Driven	Manejar.
To ride	Rode	Ridden	Montar.
To rise	Rose	Risen	Ascender.

Grupo 4.

Present	Past.	Past participle.	Meaning
To know	Knew.	Known.	Saber.
To blow	Blew.	Blown.	Soplar.
To grow	Grew.	Grown.	Crecer.
To throw	Threw.	Thrown.	Lanzar.
To draw	Drew.	Drawn	Dibujar.
To fly	Flew.	Flown	Volar.

Grupo 5.

Present	Past.	Past participle.	Meaning
To bring	Brought	Brought	Traer.
To buy	Bought	Bought	Comprar.
To think	Thought	Thought	Pensar.
To fight	Fought	Fought	Pelear.
To seek	Sought	Sought	Buscar.
To teach	Taught	Taught	Enseñar.
To catch	Caught	Caught	Atrapar.

Grupo 6.

Present	Past.	Past participle.	Meaning
To sleep	Slet	Slet	Dormir.
To feel	Felt	Felt	Sentir.
To keep	Kept	Kept	Mantener.
To meet	Met	Met	Conocer.
To sweep	Swept	Swept	Barrer.
To weep	Wept	Wept	Gemir.
To creep	Crept	Crept	Gatear.
To leave	Left	Left	Salir-Dejar.
To spell	Spelt	Spelt	Deletrear.
To smell	Smelt	Smelt	Oler.
To kneel	Knelt	Knelt	Arrollidarse.
To send	Sent	Sent	Enviar.
To spend	Spent	Spent	Gastar.
To lend	Lent	Lent	Prestar.
To bend	Bent	Bent	Doblar.
To mean	meant	meant	Significar.
To learn	Learnt	Learnt	Aprender.
To dream	Dreamt	Dreamt	Soñar.
To build	Built	Built	Construir.
To spill	Spilt	Spilt	Derramar.
To deal	Dealt	Dealt	Tratar.

Grupo 7.

Present	Past.	Past participle.	Meaning
To take	took	Taken	Coger.
To shake	Shook	Shaken	Sacudir.
To get	Got	Gotten	Obtener.
To forget	Forgot	Forgotten	Olvidar.
To give	Gave	Given	Dar.
To forgive	Forgave	Forgiven	Perdonar
To forbid	Forbad	forbidden	Prohibir.
To come	Came	Come	Venir
To become	Became	Become	Llegar a ser.
To hide	Hid	Hidden	Esconderse.
To bite	Bit	Bitten	Morder.
To do	Did	Done	Hacer.
To go	Went	Gone	Ir.
To eat	Ate	Eaten	Comer
To fall	Fell	Fallen	Caerse.
To say	Said	Said	Decir.
To pay	Paid	Paid	Pagar.
To lay	Laid	Laid	Tender.
To sell	Sold	Sold	Vender.
To tell	Told	told	Decir.
To win	Won	Won	Ganar.
To shine	Shone	Shone	Brillar.
To lose	Lost	Lost	Perder.
To Shoot	Shot	Shot	Disparar.
To find	Found	Found	Encontrar.
To grind	Ground	Ground	Moler.
To bind	Bound	Bound	Amarrar
To wear	Wore	Worn	Llevar puesto
To tear	Tore	Torn	Desgarrar.
To swear	Swore	Sworn	Jurar.
To Bear	Bore	Born	Dar a luz.

ADVERBIO:

 El adverbio es una palabra invariable dentro de la oración que se usa para modificar el significado de un verbo, adjetivo, u otro adverbio.

TIPOS DE ADVERBIOS:

1.       ADVERBIOS DE MODO: Estos adverbios se forman normalmente añadiendo “LY” a la palabra raíz. Además se colocan normalmente después de un verbo; EJP: Peter sings beautifully;  I work hard; o después de un complemento; EJP: She speaks French well; They can speak English fast.

2.       ADVERBIOS DE LUGAR: Estos adverbios por lo general, se colocan detrás del verbo o del complemento directo si lo hubiese. EJP: Come here, peter lives near, They attacked me from behind. Pero WHERE siempre se coloca al principio de una frase interrogativa.

3.       ADVERBIOS DE TIEMPO: Estos adverbios se colocan normalmente al final de una oración o frase. EJP: The children are at school now, I’m not coming tomorrow, Peter is still in bed, She gets up early. Pero WHEN siempre se coloca al principio de una frase interrogativa.

4.       ADVERBIOS DE CANTIDAD: Estos adverbios modifican al adjetivo o adverbio que le siguen. EJP. He is a little better today, It is too hot.

5.       ADVERBIOS DE NEGACIÓN: EJP: I never smoke, We have no money.

6.       ADVERBIOS DE AFIRMACIÓN: EJP: I am spanish, He is Spanish too; I need some paper and also I need some ink; She speaks English and French as well.

7.  ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA: Ellos normalmente van antes del  verbo principal pero después del verbo TO BE. Ex. My mom always gets up late on Saturdays,

-          I sometimes stay at home at nights.

-          He usually has lunch at home.

8.   EXPRESIONES ADVERBIALES: Once a month, Twice a week, Three times a day, Four times a year, From time to time, every day. Ellos normalmente van al final de la oración.

MODO	LUGAR	TIEMPO	CANTIDAD	NEGACIÓN	AFIRMACIÓN	FRECUENCIA
Quickly,  Fast,  Well, Badly, Hard, Slowly, Happily, Carefully	Far, Where, There, Here, Up, Down,  Behind, Near, Nowhere	Today,  Now,  Soon,  Still,  Yet, Early, Afterwards,  Late,  Ago,  Then,	Little, Much, Enough, Quite, Rather, Too.	No, Never, Not, Not at all	Yes, Also, Too, Certainly Sure	Always, Usually, Often, Sometimes, occasionally, Never, Seldom, Frequently, Generally.

ALGUNOS ADJECTIVES.

1.   TALL:___________________

2.   SHORT: _________________

3.   LONG: __________________

4.   LARGE: _________________

5.   BIG: ____________________

6.   SMALL: _________________

7.   LITTLE: _________________

8.   HIGH: __________________

9.   LOW: ___________________

10. HEAVY: ________________

11. FAT: ___________________

12. THIN: __________________

13. SKINNY: _______________

14. LIGHT: _________________

15. FAST: _________________

16. SLOW: _________________

17. STRAIGHT: _____________

18. CROOKED: _____________

19: CURLY: ________________

20. WIDE: _________________

21. NARROW: ______________

22. THICK: _________________

23. DARK: _________________

24. WOOLEN: ______________

25. NEW: __________________

26. OLD: __________________

27. YOUNG: ________________

28. SOFT: _________________

29. HARD: _________________

30. EASY: _________________

31. DIFFICULT: _____________

32. SMOOTH: ______________

33. ROUGH: _______________

34. DIRTY: _________________

35. NOISY: _________________

36. CLEAN: ________________

37. LOUD: _________________

38. QUIET: _________________

39. MARRIED: ______________

40. SINGLE: _______________

41. RICH: __________________

42. POOR: _________________

43. WEALTHY: _____________

44. WET: __________________

45. DRY: __________________

46. FULL: __________________

47. EMPTY: ________________

48. EXPENSIVE: ____________

49. CHEAP: ________________

50. INEXPENSIVE: __________

51. FANCY: ________________

52. PLAIN: _________________

53. SHINY: _________________

54. DULL: _________________

55. SHARP: ________________

56. TIRED: _________________

57. SICK: __________________

58. DISAPPOINTED: _________

59. DISAPPOINTING: ________

60. UPSET: ________________

61. ANNOYED: _____________

62. ANNOYING: ____________

63. ANGRY: ________________

64. MAD: __________________

65. FRUSTRATED: __________

66. EXASPERATED: _________

67. DISCOURAGED: _________

68. DISCOURAGING: ________

69.DISCOURTEOUS: ________

70. UNSATISFIED: __________

71. DISGUSTED: ____________

72. DISGUSTERING: ________

73. DISHEARTENING: _______

74. DISHEVELLED: __________

75. DISHONEST: ____________

76. WORRIED: _____________

77. SCARED: _______________

78. AFRAID: _______________

79. BORED: ________________

80. PROUD: ________________

81. EMBARRASSED: ________

82. EMBARRASSING: _______

83. PAINFUL: ______________

84. ASHAMED: _____________

85. HUMILIATED: ___________

86. HUMILIATING: __________

87. JEALOUS: ______________

88. CONFUSED: ____________

89. BUSY: _________________

90. LOVELY: _______________

91. EXCITED: ______________

92. FASCINATED: ___________

93. INTRIGUED: ____________

94. SURPRISED: ____________

95: INTERESTING: __________

96. MOTIVATING: ___________

97. ENCOURAGING: ________

98. CONFUSING: ___________

99. BORING: _______________

100. EXCITING: _____________

101. TIRING: _______________

102. FRIGHTENING: _________

103. FUNNY: _______________

104. TOLERANT: ___________

105. BRIGHT: ______________

106. CHARMING: ___________

107. DELIGHTFUL: ________­­_

108. DELIGHTED: ___________

109. ENLIGHTENING: ________

110. ENLIGHTENED: ________

111. UNDERSTANDING: _____

112. STRESSED: ___________

113: MYSTERIOUS: _________

114: MYSTIFIED: ___________

115: HORRIBLE: ____________

116. STUDIOUS: ____________

117. ILL: __________________

118. COMFORTABLE: _______

119: ROTTEN: ______________

120. AWFUL: _______________

121. SQUARE: _____________

122. OVAL: ________________

123. ROUND: _______________

124. WOODEN: _____________

125. SLIM: _________________

126. JOYFUL: ______________

127. ALIVE: ________________

128. ALONE: _______________

129. FRIENDLY: ____________

130. GENEROUS: ___________

131. PREHISTORIC: _________

132. ENGLISH: _____________

133. AMERICAN: ___________

134. GERMAN: _____________

135. FRENCH: ______________

136. CANADIAN: ____________

137. CHINESE: _____________

138. JAPANESE: ___________

139. PORTUGUESE: _________

140. AUSTRALIAN: _________

141. AFRICAN: _____________

142. VENEZUELAN: _________

143. SCOTCH: ______________

144. COLOMBIAN: __________

145. PERUVIAN: ____________

146. BOLIVIAN: _____________

147. ARGENTINIAN: _________

148. BRAZILIAN: ___________

149. ECUADORIAN: _________

150. BLACK: _______________

151. WHITE: _______________

152. GREEN: _______________

153. ORANGE: _____________

154. PINK: _________________

155. YELLOW: _____________

156. BLUE: ________________

157. GRAY: ________________

158. RED: _________________

159. SILVER: _______________

160. GOLD: ________________

161. BROWN: ______________